Științe Sociale

ASPECTS RELATED TO LEGAL REASONING THROUGH THE LENS OF THE ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN THE OF COLLECTION FROM THE BAILIFF’S ACCOUNT OF LEGAL ASSISTANCE EXPENSES

2025-06-04T09:25:36+03:00

Within any legal system, access to justice and legal aid are fundamental pillars of individual rights and the rule of
law. In the Republic of Moldova, the right to collect expenses for legal assistance in the civil process is regulated in
particular by the Code of Civil Procedure and represents an essential guarantee for those who require support before
the courts or in other legal matters, including those related to contesting the documents of the bailiffs. However, the
non-uniform application of the legal provisions regarding the collection of legal aid expenses in challenging the acts of
the baillifs represents a problematic aspect for them, taking into consideration the legal status of the judicial executors.
Keywords: appeal, bailiff, legal argumentation, expenses for legal assistance, claimant, defendant, intervener.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_01

THE ANALYSIS OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY’S SETTLEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT OF GOODS

2025-06-04T09:33:23+03:00

The present research aims to elaborate an analytic synthesis related to the legislation of the Federal Republic of
Germany in the field of national and international road transport of goods. The federal state successfully maintains
the leadership on the chapter of road freight transport on the territory of the European Union, as well as in regard to
third party countries. This domain’s legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany is dynamic and diverse and, on
this ground, presents interest for accomplishing a deep analysis over its structure and content. The accomplished
research aims to demonstrate the actuality and efficiency of the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany in
the field of road transport of goods, as well as the perfect hierarchy of the normative acts in the legislation of the
federal state.
Keywords: The Federal Republic of Germany; road transport of goods; directive; regulation; law; European Union; Commercial Code.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_02

THE ORIGINS OF THE RULE REQUIRING THE EXISTENCE OF AN INTERNATIONAL TREATY AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE RECOGNITION OF CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY: THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

2025-06-04T09:36:43+03:00

This article analyzes the doctrine regarding the origin and evolution of the rule stating that the existence of an
international treaty is a prerequisite for the recognition of cross-border insolvency. The study examines international
legal doctrine, relevant treaties concluded by the Republic of Moldova, and applicable judicial practice. It also proposes an interpretation of the concept of “civil judgment” in relation to cross-border insolvency issues, considering
international regulations and national legislation. The article further addresses the economic and social implications
of recognizing cross-border bankruptcies, as well as reform perspectives in this field.
Keywords: cross-border insolvency, international treaty, insolvency procedure, private international law, reciprocity, civil judgment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_03

IDENTITY FRAUD: WHAT IS IT AND WHEN DOES IT ATTRACT CRIMINAL LIABILITY?

2025-06-04T09:41:13+03:00

The incorporation of art. 1771 into the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova is a response to the urgent need
to prevent and combat fraud that jeopardizes the integrity of personal data in the provision of information society
services. This measure is essential in the digital age, safeguarding citizens from a diverse range of risks. The criminalization of identity fraud bolsters trust in the online environment, ensuring the protection of individuals’ rights to
private, family, and personal life. However, the scope of art. 1771 is limited. This provision can only be applied if
the illegal presentation of a false identity or the attribution of such an identity to another person utilizes the method
outlined in this article and, furthermore, aims to induce or maintain deception to achieve a legal consequence.
Keywords: identity fraud; false identity; information society services; inducing deception; maintaining deception;
producing a legal consequence; personal data.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_04

THE SUBJECT OF THE OFFENSE PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 220 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

2025-06-04T12:19:25+03:00

This study examines the subject of the offense provided for in article 220 of the Criminal Code of the Republic
of Moldova. It is shown that, under paragraph (1) of article 220 of the Criminal Code, the subject of the offense is a
responsible natural person who has reached the age of 16. Furthermore, certain theoretical disagreements regarding
the concept of the „subject of the offense” are clarified. It is emphasized that the absence of any mandatory element
characterizing the subject of the offense indicates the absence of the subject and, consequently, the absence of the
elements constituting the offense. In conclusion, the provision of letter (d), paragraph (2), article 220 of the Criminal Code is addressed, according to which the subject of the offense of procuring (pimping) holds a special status:
a public person; a person in a position of responsibility; a person holding a public dignity position; a foreign public
person; or an international official.
Keywords: offense; subject of the offense; procuring (pimping); natural person; responsibility; age of criminal
liability; criminal liability.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_05

MAINSTEAMING HUMAN RIGHTS BASED APPROACH IN EDUCATION: FRAMEWORK FOR ENSURING THE RIGHT TO INCLUSIVE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES

2025-06-04T12:22:35+03:00

The right to education recognized in international human rights standards is an empowering right, contributing to
the realization of other rights and to the consolidation of acceptance, equality and non-discrimination. In the article,
the author analyzed the inclusive education of children with disabilities from the perspective of the human rightsbased approach (HRBA). A reflection is made on the applicability of the HRBA principles in inclusive education and
the obligations of the state to respect, protect and fulfil the right to education of children with disabilities, through
inclusive educational systems. Highlighting the importance and impact of inclusive education on children with disabilities and on the educational system is essential as international and national studies reveal the persistence of
discriminatory attitudes towards children with disabilities..
Keywords: inclusive education, human rights based approach, children with disabilities.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_06

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RIGHT TO HAPPINESS THROUGH THE RIGHT TO PERSONAL ASSISTANCE FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

2025-06-04T12:24:09+03:00

Although the concept of happiness is already addressed in the Old Testament, the 21st century is characterized by
its increasing promotion from a legal perspective. The right to happiness encompasses various dimensions, including
economic and social well-being, and is recognized and promoted within international legal frameworks. Public policy
documents play a crucial role in this regard, as they establish mechanisms for the effective implementation of human
rights through the lens of the right to happiness. A distinct focus is placed on the rights of individuals and families in
situations of social vulnerability, including persons with disabilities, who are equally entitled to the right to happiness.
The realization of this right necessitates the active engagement of both state and non-state entities with competencies in
the field of social protection for persons with disabilities. Moreover, the priorities identified within this domain must be
integrated into the provisions of public policy documents to ensure their legal and practical enforceability.
Keywords: happiness, right to happiness, disability, social services, inclusion, personal assistance.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_07

ALAND ISLANDS: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF UNIQUE STATUS WITHIN A UNITARY STATE

2025-06-04T12:36:22+03:00

The article considers the constitutional and legal status of the Åland Islands within Finland as a unique example
of territorial autonomy in a unitary state. The evolution of the autonomous status of the archipelago is analyzed,
starting from the decisions of the League of Nations in 1921 and up to the modern legislative acts regulating the
self-government of the region. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of delimitation of powers between the
central authorities of Finland and Lagting, as well as legal guarantees for the protection of the Swedish language and
culture. Issues of economic autonomy, international interaction of the Åland Islands and their demilitarized status are
examined. The author emphasizes the significance of the Åland model for the study of autonomies in Europe.
Keywords: autonomy, Åland Islands, self-government, Swedish language, unitary state.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_08

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE STANDARDS FOR WAIVING PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

2025-06-04T12:40:39+03:00

The aspects addressed aim at analyzing national legislation from the perspective of compatibility with the standards of the European Convention on Human Rights, in the matter of waiving procedural guarantees. National procedural norms contain a range of institutions whose application implies the waiving of certain guarantees. Even if each
institution has certain distinct particularities, there are general standards according to which the waiving of procedural guarantees can be carried out provided that the person was aware of this fact, the waiving was accompanied by
certain minimum guarantees and the waiving does not contradict any general public interest. In each specific case, it
is up to the national courts to ensure compliance with these conditions.
Keywords: Procedural rights, plea agreement, cooperation agreement, in absentia, evidence, presumption of
innocence, legal aid, judicial review, appeals, public interest.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_09

INTEGRATING THE LEGAL ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY INTO THE PROCESS OF REASONING JUDGEMENTS

2025-06-04T12:42:41+03:00

The full judgment consists of four parts: the introductory part, the descriptive part, the reasoning and the resolution part. In its reasoning, the court must indicate the circumstances of the case as established by the court, the evidence
on which its conclusions regarding those circumstances are based, the arguments put forward by the court in rejecting
certain evidence, and the laws which guided the court. However, unfortunately, we have an established „culture”
of limited reasoning of judgments, which explains why judges avoid highlighting the arguments put forward when
adopting the order. Therefore, we will present how different ways of structuring thinking about legal issues, how
methods of legal writing and analysis can be integrated into the process of reasoning of court decisions in order to
improve the quality of court decisions.
Keywords: reasoning, judgment, legal analysis, legal writing, IRAC, fair trial.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_10

THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS ON THE SEXUAL CONSENT OF THE VICTIM

2025-06-04T12:45:21+03:00

The rapid progress of new technologies has ushered humanity into a new era, dubbed the „Digital Age”. Digitalization has permeated all spheres of life, including economic and social domains, and has significantly altered the
nature of work for individuals, including law enforcement agencies. However, on the other side, the development of
information technologies also represents an easier way to commit crimes. Online crimes, also known as cybercrimes,
have proliferated, and our legislation, is not adapted to the demands of these new technological advancements.
Keywords: digital age, sexual harassment, sexting, non-consensual pornography, revenge porn.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_11

THE ADMISSIBILITY OF ANONYMOUS WITNESS EVIDENCE: THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

2025-06-04T12:47:31+03:00

n the context of criminal trials, the role of witnesses is essential for establishing the truth and ensuring a fair trial.
However, in certain circumstances, the public identification of witnesses may jeopardize their safety, particularly
in cases involving organized crime or terrorism. Thus, the question of admitting evidence provided by anonymous
witnesses becomes crucial, especially from the perspective of fundamental human rights. In this regard, the European Court of Human Rights has been called upon to rule on the delicate balance between protecting the identity of
witnesses and ensuring a fair trial, in accordance with the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights.
This article aims to analyze the ECHR’s perspective on the admissibility of anonymous witness testimony, investigating the relevant criteria and principles applied by the court to protect both the right to a fair trial and the legitimate
interests of states in combating crime.
Keywords: evidence, admisibility of evidence, witness, anonymous witness, protection.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_12

THE EVOLUTION OF THE AGE OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MINORS

2025-06-04T12:49:33+03:00

The age of criminal responsibility is crucial in criminal law, affecting both the protection of minors and the application of sanctions. Romania and Moldova have adjusted their laws based on social changes and international norms.
In Romania, minors under 14 are not criminally responsible, those aged 14–16 can be held accountable only if proven
to have discernment, while those over 16 are presumed to have it. In Moldova, criminal responsibility starts at 16,
except for serious offenses, where it begins at 14. International standards, such as the UN Convention on the Rights
of the Child, highlight the importance of protecting and reintegrating minors. Across Europe, there is a trend toward
increasing the age of criminal responsibility and developing specialized juvenile justice systems, ensuring sanctions
consider minors’ psychological and emotional maturity.
Keywords: age of criminal responsibility, minority, discernment, absolute presumption, legal adulthood, social
reintegration, re-education.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_13

MANAGERIAL FORMS OF CONTEMPORARY JUSTICE

2025-06-04T12:51:20+03:00

The current article introduces trends and developments in the current research on justice. It identifies the main managerial forms in contemporary justice, such as: strategic management, operational management, human resources
management, digitalization of justice, monitoring and evaluation, quality management, inter-institutional cooperation, transparency and public communication. As a result, current research on the managerial forms of contemporary
justice only identifies a wide diversity of research on: operational management, monitoring and evaluation processes
as a whole; the organizational behavior, internal processes and the involvement of different public law subjects in the
process of contemporary justice administration; the mechanisms necessary to ensure quality and efficiency standards
when it comes to justice.
Keywords: strategic management, operational management, human resources management, digitalization of
justice, monitoring and evaluation, quality management, inter-institutional cooperation, transparency and public
communication.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_14

THE STATISTICAL METHOD IN THE RESEARCH OF CONTRAVENTIONAL SANCTIONS: FUNDAMENTALS, TECHNIQUES AND INTERPRETATIONS

2025-06-04T12:52:41+03:00

In this study, we aim to reflect on the theoretical significance and practical utility of the statistical method in researching contraventions and contraventional sanctions in the Republic of Moldova, highlighting how the collection,
processing, and interpretation of statistical data assist in identifying tendencies, frequency and distribution of contraventions, and of the sanctioning measures, generating essential grounds for evaluating the effectiveness of the current
system of contraventional sanctions applied in the Republic of Moldova. In addition, this scientific approach will
emphasize the role of statistical analysis in anticipating the evolution of contraventional phenomena and supporting
the development of effective public policies for preventing contraventions and strengthening social order.Therefore,
by adopting a rigorous methodological approach, this research aims to complete the specialized doctrine and to become a point of reference for future interdisciplinary analyses,integrating legal sciences, sociology and social statistics
for a better understanding and management of contraventional phenomena.
Keywords: research, method, statistics, contravention, contraventional sanction, prevention, intervention, efficiency.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_15

FEATURES OF THE CRIMINALIZATION OF CERTAIN OFFENSES COMMITTED BY OMISSION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF AZERBAIJAN AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES

2025-06-04T12:54:37+03:00

In the criminal legislation of foreign countries, socially dangerous acts objectively committed by omission are
established in various legal contexts and criminalized with their distinctive characteristics. It is well known that in
the legislation of foreign countries, objective omission is, in most cases, defined as a legal fact constituting the basis
of criminal liability, primarily in the form of failure to fulfill specific legal duties or their improper performance,
manifesting as an infringement on social relations. This article will analyze the characteristics of the criminalization
of certain offenses committed by omission in the legislation of foreign countries.
Keywords: criminal law, criminal composition, objective aspect, omission, action, criminal legislation of foreign
countries.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_16

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FRAMEWORK PROGRAMMES AND MONITORING THE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION FIELD

2025-06-04T12:56:51+03:00

The research and innovation policies are very difficult to evaluate due to the need to address multiple objectives,
including to apply the global challenges approach. Due to the complexity of research and innovation processes,
there is no gold standard, widely accepted in the field of evaluation of research and innovation policies or a welldefined methodology with concrete indicators for evaluating and assessing the research and innovation framework
programmes. Therefore, evaluations of research and innovation policies are based on the intervention logic of the
programme and on both quantitative and qualitative information from multiple sources, including surveys, interviews, case studies, expert group analyses, descriptive statistics, econometric analyses.
Keywords: research policy, European Union framework program, monitoring mechanisms, research, econometric
analysis, public policies, sustainable development, impact, evaluation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_17

SEXUAL CONTENT DEEPFAKE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: SOCIAL CHALLENGES AND LEGAL SOLUTIONS

2025-06-04T12:58:30+03:00

The rapid development of information technologies and artificial intelligence has brought numerous benefits
to everyday life. However, these technologies can be used to create extremely realistic sexual content without the
consent of the individuals involved. The erosion of the distinction between truth and falsehood through the criminal
use of technologies can have devastating consequences on privacy and personal image. Victims may suffer social
stigmatization and psychological trauma. It is important to identify effective legal solutions to protect privacy against
the “deepfakeˮ phenomenon. Legislation should include clear measures for preventing and combating this issue, and
public awareness of the risks and negative impact must be increased.
Keywords: deepfake; falsification; artificial intelligence; privacy; intimate image; sexual content; consent.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_18

SOME ASPECTS REGARDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTICLE 238 AND ARTICLE 190 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

2025-06-04T13:03:32+03:00

The clarification of contradictory aspects in the qualification of legal norms constitutes an essential part of conducting
a criminal-legal investigation of an offense. The offenses stipulated in Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Republic
of Moldova are no exception, as their complex structure of constitutive elements naturally raises certain questions when
competing with the norm established in Article 190 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova. Consequently,
forming a comprehensive and clear picture regarding the fight against the phenomenon of the illegal acquisition of credits or loans becomes impossible. It is noteworthy that a fundamental distinguishing element is the subjective aspect,
particularly the special purpose established in Article 238, compared to the pursuit of material gain by the perpetrator in
the case of fraud. Differences are also observed concerning the characteristics of the active and passive subjects in the
two competing offenses.
Keywords: purpose of temporary use, intent for material gain, national economy, credit, loan, compensation,
insurance indemnity, fraud.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_19

APPLICATION OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF SPOUSES’ PROPERTY TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OBJECTS

2025-06-04T13:05:55+03:00

The present paper aims to research the application of the legal regime of spouses’ property on intellectual property
objects and contributes to solving theoretical problems, but with important practical applications, regarding the
qualification as common property or personal property of the rights to the results of intellectual creation, created
by one of the spouses during the marriage. The concept promoted by the author supports the idea that intellectual
property objects created by one of the spouses are his/her personal property and do not fall under the community
regime of spouses. At the same time, the author identifies various hypotheses in which such objects are subject to the
regime in question.
Key-words: intellectual property, common property, spouses, work, invention, trademark, industrial design, moral
rights, patrimonial rights.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_20

WITHDRAWAL OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS – MATTER OF OPPORTUNITY OR POSITIVE OBLIGATION

2025-06-04T13:07:51+03:00

The purpose of this study is the brief exposition of the results obtained following the investigation of the institution
of the waiver evidence in the criminal process and the finding of the fact whether it still represents a matter of
opportunity or constitutes a positive obligation. Among the objectives outlined are: the identification of the essence
of the waiver of evidence in the criminal process and related incidents, the principle of opportunity, as well as the
concept of the positive obligation of the state. The study being based on the application of general methods of
scientific knowledge, such as: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and observation.
Keywords: lista probelor, renunțare la probe, oportunitate, obligație pozitivă a statului.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_21

STATUS OF SURVIVING SPOUSE BEFORE AND AFTER THE MODERNIZATION OF THE CIVIL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

2025-06-04T13:10:09+03:00

The present article deals with the problems arising from the change in the status of the surviving spouse after the
modernization of the Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova. It is shown that the compulsory share in inheritance
serves as one of the mechanisms of legal protection of the family, providing a guaranteed share of inherited property.
Special attention is paid to the size of the compulsory share of the surviving spouse after the modernization of the
Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova. The author analyzes the content of the status of the surviving spouse before
and after the modernization of the Civil Code, the peculiarities of the size of the compulsory share depending on the
order of competing heirs. Foreign forms of family protection are analyzed. The possibility of borrowing European
forms of protection into Moldovan legislation is studied. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to
establish different criteria allowing to change the size of the compulsory share.
Keywords: compulsory share, surviving spouse, modernization, Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova, inheritance, property, family protection.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_22

RIMINAL CODE NEWS THROUGH THE PRISMA OF LAW NO. 136 OF 06.06.2024 A OFFENSE OF “ILLEGAL LOGGING”. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2025-06-04T13:12:15+03:00

In the context of the adoption of Law No. 136 of 06.06.2024 amending certain normative acts (amending the
Criminal Code and the Contravention Code) and published on 07.06.2024 in the Official Gazette No. 245-246, art.
353, essential amendments were made to several norms within the Criminal Code, as well as the Contravention Code
of the Republic of Moldova. The crime of illicit enrichment provided for in art. 3302 of the Criminal Code of the
Republic of Moldova was not overlooked, which amended their provisions in para. (1) and, accordingly, para. (2).
Cumulatively to the given amendments, a norm was introduced in the general part of the Criminal Code stipulated in
art. 1262, which provided the definition of that legal text „substantial excesses” often discussed among practitioners,
being also the subject of scientific debates. In this sense, this article will finalize, through the comparative method,
the changes made and, towards the end, we will come to conclusions regarding the necessity and correctness of these
changes.
Keywords: illicit enrichment, analysis, comparative, novations, crime.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_23

THE LAW NO. 292 FROM 13.12.2024 - A CONFIRMATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA TENDENCIES TO ADJUST THE LEGISLATION TO QUALITY STANDARDS

2025-06-04T13:13:46+03:00

A state that acts in accordance with the interest of the future generation ensures sustainable development. The state
of the Republic of Moldova concentrates its forces on this aspect, especially by regulating some lacunar areas. Being
a signatory state of the 1980 Hague Convention on the civil aspects of international child abduction since 1998, the
Republic of Moldova took the first firm steps towards the implementation of its international provisions in 2020 by
introducing a special procedure in this regard in the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Moldova. Currently,
we have entered into force since 01.01.2025 a Law on the special protection of children against travel abroad or illegal detention, which specifies and completes the existing rules regarding the procedure for returning the child to the
state of his habitual residence, as well as the procedure for exercising the right to visit the child. The law under review
requires adjustments and changes to ensure its long-term beneficial effects.
Keywords: the protection of child’s rights, wrongful removal, wrongful retention, child return, child’s habitual
residence, child’s best interest, visitation right, custody right.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_24

THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL SECURITY CONSOLIDATION IN CROATIA – PERSPECTIVES FOR THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

2025-06-04T13:16:47+03:00

The evolution of the national security assurance system of the republic of Croatia in the context of its integration into
European and transatlantic security structures, a distinct stage in the dynamics of the regional security landscape. This
study aims to investigate the determining factors of Croatia’s accession process to NATO and the European Union from
the perspective of their implications on the Croatian national security architecture. The research objectives focus on identifying institutional and procedural mechanisms, analyzing transition periods and public support for the integration process, as well as assessing the challenges and opportunities generated by accession. The investigation’s findings highlight
that the Croatian model offers valuable lessons regarding the strengthening of national security through European and
Euro-Atlantic integration. The conclusions emphasize the importance of a strategic, coherent, and multisectoral approach
in the accession process, while also underlining the adaptability of security mechanisms to new geopolitical realities.
Keywords: national security, European integration, security policies, strategic evolution, geopolitical outlook,
case study

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_25

THE ROLE OF THE CASE STUDY METHOD FOR RESEARCHING THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS

2025-06-04T13:18:23+03:00

The European Convention on Human Rights represents a unique and specific mechanism of human rights protection in the region. Hence, it requires an innovative and developed research approach. The case study has become a
popular method within the academic research area as a consequence of the rapid evolution of the 21st century globalist
era. Therefore, this scientific article discusses its applicability in the domain of public international law, through the
ECHR analysis. In the capacity of representing a mixed method, the case study research allows a flexible and comprehensive investigation of a specific phenomenon. Hence, this article has the aim to reflect the scope and the role of
the case study in the research of this mechanism of international jurisdiction in the human rights field.
Keyword: ECHR, human rights, case law, case study, mixed methodology, substantial role, jurisprudential role.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_26

COVERAGE OF THE SECOND SUMMIT OF THE EUROPEAN POLITICAL COMMUNITY IN THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS

2025-06-04T13:20:15+03:00

The second Summit of the European Political Community (EPC), held on June 1, 2023, in the town of Bulboaca,
Republic of Moldova, became one of the most widely covered events in both local and international media. Given
that the works of the EPC in Bulboaca took place amidst an ongoing war and approximately 20 km away from the
Ukrainian border, the Bulboaca summit became an event that captured the attention of the entire international community, receiving an extensive coverage in both national and international media.
This article aims to study the way the works of the EPC Summit held in the Republic of Moldova have been reflected in the foreign media.
Keywords: summit, press, platform, mass-media, problems, Republic of Moldova, Bulboaca.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_27

DONALD TRUMP’S FOREIGN POLICY – IMPACT ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

2025-06-04T13:22:24+03:00

The return to the White House on January 20, 2025 of the now 45th and 47th president of the United States of
America, Donald Trump, marks a new stage in the system of international relations. Donald Trump’s return to the
White House takes on a special significance for the history of international relations, including for the post-Cold War
New World Order. The new mandate of D. Trump will remain in the history of international relations as the period
that conditioned tensions between the United States of America and the European allies, marking the decisions with
reference to the ending of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the conditions presented to Ukraine.
The objective of this article is to highlight the main aspects of D. Tramp’s foreign policy in international politics,
as well as highlight President Trump’s claims on some territories, something that also marks international relations.
Keywords: foreign policy, USA, Ukraine, European Union, security, agreement, war.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_28

THE PАRTICULАRITIES АND EFFICIENCY OF PROVIDING INTEGRАTED SOCIАL SERVICES FOR FАMILIES WITH CHILDREN IN RISK SITUАTIONS

2025-06-04T13:24:12+03:00

The integrаtion of sociаl services involves shifting from corrective child protection to preventive services, identifying risks аnd promoting sociаl inclusion for fаmilies with children in аt-risk situаtions. High-quаlity integrаted
services must meet the needs of beneficiаries, decision-mаkers, nаtionаl policies, аnd internаtionаl аgreements,
аnd be vаlidаted by prаctitioners› opinions. The difference between efficiency аnd effectiveness in integrаted sociаl
services for children аnd fаmilies аt risk is significаnt. Effectiveness meаsures the аchievement of objectives аnd
desired outcomes, while efficiency refers to the optimаl use of resources to mаximize results аnd minimize wаste.
А multidisciplinаry аpproаch аnd collаborаtion between professionаls, fаmilies, аnd communities аre essentiаl
for mаximizing the efficiency аnd effectiveness of interventions for fаmilies with children аt risk. Аctive fаmily
involvement аnd continuous monitoring of progress help аdаpt interventions to chаnging beneficiаry needs, thereby
improving long-term effectiveness.
Keywords: integrаted sociаl services, fаmilies with children in risk situаtions, multidisciplinаry аpproаch, efficiency, effectiveness.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_29

CURRENT RESEARCH TRENDS, UNADDRESSED PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION MANAGEMENT

2025-06-04T13:26:29+03:00

Educational technologies have an ever-increasing impact on the way education is conducted. Research focuses on
the implementation of online platforms, the use of educational applications, technology-based learning and curriculum
adaptation to integrate these tools. At the same time, the continuous training of teachers to use technologies in an efficient way is discussed. Another important area of research is the analysis of educational leadership styles and their impact
on school performance. Studies focus on the training and development of school principals, but also on supporting teachers to improve pedagogical practice and respond to the varied needs of students. Rapid changes in society, technology
and the labor market impose the need for constant adaptation of the educational system. Research in this area looks at
how schools can effectively implement curricular, organizational and pedagogical changes to meet current demands.
Keywords: educational technologies, educational leadership, diversity and inclusion, management, skills, change.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_30

THE ETIOLOGY OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS: AN INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

2025-06-04T13:28:26+03:00

The paper presents the complex etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), examining the evolution of etiological concepts and theories from the perspective of several psychological approaches. The analysis starts from the
fundamental psychological factors influencing the development of ASD and extends to the main historical paradigms,
especially the behaviorist and psychoanalytic perspectives. The behaviorist component is analyzed through an emphasis on learning and behavioral adaptation, providing an understanding based on experimental models. In contrast,
the psychoanalytic approach offers a deep interpretation of the emotional and unconscious factors involved in the
development of autism. In this context, concepts such as the “good enough mother” and the importance of attachment in the early stages of life are also discussed. The article makes an essential contribution to understanding how
psychological factors interact with behaviorist and psychoanalytic perspectives to build a comprehensive picture of
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) etiology.
Keywords: etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), behaviorist perspective, psychoanalytic perspective, the
evolution of etiological concepts, “good enough mother”, attachment, emotional development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59295/sum3(183)2025_31